mercenary, hired professional soldier who fights for any state or nation without regard to political interests or issues.

1.The Ten Thousand

One of the earliest and most notable examples of a mercenary army dates back to ancient times. Throughout history, the concept of mercenaries, professional soldiers who fight for financial gain rather than loyalty to a specific nation or cause, has played a significant role in military conflicts. The story of the Ten Thousand is a popular one, and their story has even been retold in a fictional way through the 1979 movie Warriors. Who were the Ten Thousand?

In 401 BC, a rebellion erupted within the Persian Empire against its ruler, Artaxerxes II. Cyrus the Younger, a Persian prince and brother of the emperor, sought to seize the throne for himself. To bolster his forces, Cyrus enlisted the aid of Greek mercenaries, numbering approximately 13,000, under the leadership of the Spartan general Clearchus. The Greek mercenaries, known as the Ten Thousand, joined Cyrus in his march against Artaxerxes II. The campaign initially showed promise, as Cyrus achieved a temporary advantage during the Battle of Cunaxa. However, Cyrus was killed in action, leaving the Greek mercenaries stranded deep within enemy territory.

With their employer dead and facing overwhelming Persian forces, the Ten Thousand found themselves in a dire situation. Led by their remaining officers, including the Athenian general Xenophon, they embarked on a treacherous journey to return home. This journey became the basis for Xenophon’s famous work, “Anabasis.” During their retreat, the Ten Thousand faced numerous challenges, including hostile encounters with local populations and constant attacks from Persian forces. Despite these difficulties, they managed to maintain discipline and cohesion, displaying their military prowess and adaptability.

The story of the Ten Thousand holds immense historical significance, as it not only highlights the first known mercenary army but also showcases the effectiveness of professional soldiers fighting for their survival and financial gain. The exploits of the Ten Thousand left a lasting impact on ancient warfare. The concept of mercenary armies gained traction, as states and rulers recognized the advantages of employing professional soldiers who could be hired for specific campaigns. This marked a departure from relying solely on citizen-soldiers and introduced a new paradigm in military strategy. Furthermore, the story of the Ten Thousand captured the imagination of ancient writers and philosophers, who drew lessons from their experiences. Xenophon’s “Anabasis” became a popular work, praised for its vivid depiction of military life and leadership in challenging circumstances.

2. Italian Condottieri

The Italian Condottieri were renowned military leaders who commanded mercenary armies during the Renaissance era in Italy. Their formidable skills and astute leadership left an indelible mark on Italian history and the art of warfare. In this post, we delve into the fascinating world of the Condottieri, exploring their origins, rise to power, and their lasting impact on the complex political landscape of Renaissance Italy. The term “Condottieri” derived from the Italian word “condotta,” meaning contract or agreement. The Condottieri emerged in the 14th century, a period of political fragmentation and constant warfare among the Italian city-states. The disintegration of central authority created a fertile ground for skilled military leaders to offer their services as mercenaries to the highest bidder. The Condottieri commanded mercenary armies composed of professional soldiers from various backgrounds, including Italians, Germans, and other European nationalities. Their armies were often renowned for their discipline, versatility, and adaptability on the battlefield. The Condottieri developed innovative military tactics, blending traditional knightly warfare with new strategies influenced by changing technologies and the advent of firearms.

Several notable Condottieri rose to prominence during the Renaissance era, leaving an indelible mark on Italian history. Among them, John Hawkwood, an English mercenary leader, earned a fearsome reputation for his military prowess and strategic acumen. Bartolomeo Colleoni, an Italian Condottiere, commanded highly skilled cavalry units and played a crucial role in shaping the military landscape of his time. The Condottieri were not merely hired hands; they wielded considerable political influence. As military entrepreneurs, they often became indispensable to the city-states that employed them. They could negotiate favorable terms, secure lands and titles, and even influence political decisions. Some Condottieri went on to establish powerful dynasties, creating a delicate balance between military power and political authority.

The rise of the Condottieri had a profound impact on Renaissance Italy. Their constant warfare and shifting loyalties contributed to the political instability of the region. The Condottieri effectively became the embodiment of the era’s military spirit, with their deeds celebrated in literature, art, and historical chronicles. Moreover, the Condottieri introduced new concepts of warfare, combining the chivalric tradition with evolving tactics and technologies. They played a pivotal role in popularizing firearms, adapting their strategies to incorporate the use of cannons and early firearms on the battlefield. The influence of the Condottieri gradually waned by the end of the 15th century as powerful rulers and standing armies emerged, seeking to centralize their control. The advent of the Italian Wars further diminished the significance of the Condottieri, as foreign powers exerted their influence on the Italian peninsula.

3.The Varangian Guard

The Varangian Guard traces its roots back to the 9th century when Byzantine emperors began enlisting Scandinavian mercenaries from regions such as Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Known for their exceptional combat skills, loyalty, and reputation as fearsome warriors, the Varangians became a vital component of the Byzantine military. The primary role of the Varangian Guard was to serve as the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors. They provided security, accompanied the emperor in times of war and peace, and served as a symbol of the ruler’s power and prestige. Additionally, the Varangians often took part in military campaigns, defending the Byzantine Empire against external threats.

The Varangian Guard’s reputation for martial prowess was well-deserved. These Scandinavian warriors brought with them a rich tradition of combat skills, including proficiency in the use of axes, swords, and shields. Their fearsome reputation and disciplined formations made them a formidable force on the battlefield. The presence of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire fostered cultural exchange and left a lasting impact on both sides. The Scandinavian warriors assimilated Byzantine customs, language, and religion, while their unique traditions and expertise influenced Byzantine military tactics and weaponry.

The Varangian Guard participated in numerous military campaigns throughout their history. They fought against Arab forces, defended Byzantine territories against raiding nomadic tribes, and played a significant role in pivotal battles, such as the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014. Their presence often served as a morale boost for Byzantine armies, inspiring confidence and instilling fear in their adversaries. The Varangian Guard’s legacy extended beyond their military exploits. Their presence in the Byzantine Empire left an indelible mark on the region’s history and culture. They became renowned as elite warriors, and their service in the Varangian Guard became an esteemed honor for Scandinavian warriors seeking adventure and fortune.

As the Byzantine Empire faced internal conflicts and external pressures, the Varangian Guard gradually lost its prominence. Shifting political dynamics, changes in military tactics, and the decline of the Byzantine Empire itself contributed to the Guard’s eventual disbandment. The Varangian Guard, the legendary band of Scandinavian mercenaries, played a significant role in the defense of the Byzantine Empire. Their exceptional combat skills, loyalty, and distinctive cultural influence left an enduring legacy in the annals of medieval history. The Varangian Guard’s story serves as a testament to the remarkable interplay between cultures and the impact of mercenary forces on the course of empires.

4.The Catalan Grand Company

In the tumultuous era of medieval Europe, mercenary bands played a significant role in shaping the course of warfare. Among them, the Catalan Grand Company, also known as the Great Company, emerged as one of the most formidable and influential mercenary groups of the 14th century. In this post, we delve into the captivating story of the Catalan Grand Company, exploring their origins, exploits, and lasting impact on the Mediterranean region. The Catalan Grand Company originated from a coalition of Catalan and Aragonese soldiers who found themselves unemployed after the conclusion of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282. Seeking new opportunities, these skilled and battle-hardened soldiers formed a formidable mercenary force. Led by renowned captains such as Roger de Flor and Berenguer de Entença, the Catalan Grand Company attracted recruits from across Europe.

The Catalan Grand Company earned a fearsome reputation on the battlefield. Their success was rooted in their disciplined formations, mastery of diverse weaponry, and strategic prowess. Known for their skilled use of the lance and the crossbow, they combined heavy cavalry charges with expert missile fire, overwhelming their opponents with devastating force. The Catalan Grand Company embarked on a series of military campaigns that spanned the Mediterranean region. They fought in conflicts on behalf of various clients, including the Byzantine Empire, Italian city-states, and even the Kingdom of Aragon. Their presence and military might had a profound impact on the political landscape of the time. One of the Catalan Grand Company’s most significant endeavors was their involvement in the Byzantine Empire. In the early 14th century, they were hired by the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to assist in his struggle against rival factions and external threats. The Company’s renowned leader, Roger de Flor, played a crucial role in defending Byzantine interests and expanding their influence in the region.

The Catalan Grand Company’s legacy extends beyond their military exploits. Their presence in the Mediterranean had far-reaching consequences, leaving an indelible mark on the societies they encountered. They introduced military innovations and tactics that influenced the art of war in the region, and their martial prowess inspired both admiration and fear among contemporaries. The presence of the Catalan Grand Company in foreign lands facilitated cultural exchange and brought about new perspectives. The soldiers, exposed to diverse cultures and civilizations, adopted aspects of local customs, languages, and practices. This cross-pollination of ideas and experiences had a lasting impact on the cultural and social fabric of the Mediterranean region.

Like many mercenary bands, the Catalan Grand Company faced internal divisions and shifting alliances. Roger de Flor’s assassination in 1305 led to a fracture within the group, ultimately resulting in their downfall. The remnants of the company would disperse, some continuing their mercenary careers, while others returned to their homelands. The Catalan Grand Company stands as a testament to the power and influence of mercenary bands during the medieval period. Their military prowess, strategic acumen, and cultural impact left an indelible mark on the Mediterranean region. The exploits of the Catalan Grand Company remind us of the complex dynamics of medieval warfare, the pivotal role mercenaries played in shaping historical events, and the enduring legacy they left behind in the annals of military history.

5.The Flying Tigers

The Flying Tigers were officially known as the First American Volunteer Group (AVG), a unit composed of volunteer pilots from the United States. The group was formed in 1941, prior to America’s entry into the war, to support China’s fight against Japanese forces. Led by the charismatic Claire Lee Chennault, a former US Army Air Corps officer, the Flying Tigers quickly gained a reputation for their exceptional flying skills and combat prowess. The Flying Tigers played a vital role in the defense of China during the early stages of World War II. Operating primarily in the skies over Burma and China, they engaged Japanese aircraft in intense aerial battles. Despite being heavily outnumbered and facing superior Japanese forces, the Flying Tigers achieved notable successes, inflicting significant losses on enemy aircraft and providing critical support to Chinese ground forces.

The Flying Tigers’ success was attributed to their innovative tactics and exceptional combat skills. They employed hit-and-run tactics, utilizing their P-40 Warhawk aircraft’s speed and maneuverability to their advantage. Their distinct shark-faced nose art added to their intimidating presence and boosted morale among allied forces. The Flying Tigers’ contributions went beyond their combat achievements. Their presence in the war theater bolstered morale among Chinese civilians and military personnel, instilling hope and a sense of solidarity. The AVG’s efforts also played a role in diverting Japanese resources from other theaters, aiding the overall war effort. With America’s entry into World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the AVG was absorbed into the US Army Air Forces, becoming the 23rd Fighter Group. While the AVG’s time as a distinct unit was relatively short-lived, their legacy and impact on the war’s early years remained significant. The Flying Tigers’ exploits and bravery captured the imagination of the American public and became a symbol of heroism and defiance against overwhelming odds. Their legacy continues to inspire subsequent generations of military aviators and stands as a testament to the courage and sacrifice of those who fought for freedom.

6.The Swiss Guard

The Swiss Guard finds its origins in 1506 when Pope Julius II enlisted Swiss mercenaries to serve as his personal bodyguards. Their recruitment from Switzerland was driven by the reputation of the Swiss as skilled and disciplined fighters. Since then, the Swiss Guard has been an integral part of the Vatican’s security apparatus. One of the defining characteristics of the Swiss Guard is their unwavering loyalty to the Pope and the Holy See. This loyalty is deeply rooted in their historical connection to the Vatican and their commitment to protect the Pope at any cost. Their dedication has earned them a reputation for being reliable and fiercely protective, even in the face of potential danger.

Swiss Guards undergo rigorous training before assuming their duties at the Vatican. Their training includes physical conditioning, combat techniques, and marksmanship skills. The Swiss Guard’s distinctive uniform, designed by Michelangelo in the early 16th century, features a blue, red, and yellow striped uniform with a distinctive Renaissance-style metal helmet and halberd, a polearm weapon. The primary responsibility of the Swiss Guard is to provide security for the Pope, the Apostolic Palace, and the Vatican City. They stand sentry at various entrances, conduct patrols, and perform ceremonial duties during papal events and functions. Their presence not only ensures the safety of the Pope but also adds a sense of tradition and continuity within the Vatican.

Throughout their history, the Swiss Guard has faced several critical moments, including the Sack of Rome in 1527, where many Swiss Guards sacrificed their lives to protect Pope Clement VII. This event solidified the Guard’s reputation for bravery and self-sacrifice, further enhancing their esteemed position within the Vatican. The Swiss Guard’s distinctive presence in their colorful uniforms, along with their ceremonial drills and traditions, has made them an iconic symbol of the Vatican and the Catholic Church. Their commitment to duty, discipline, and loyalty has earned them respect and admiration from visitors and Catholics worldwide. Over the centuries, the Swiss Guard has adapted to changing security needs. Today, they utilize modern technology and training methods while preserving their rich historical traditions. Their responsibilities include crowd control, monitoring access points, and providing close protection to the Pope and Vatican officials.

7.The White Company 

The White Company emerged in the 14th century as a band of English and Welsh soldiers-for-hire during the tumultuous period of the Hundred Years’ War. Originally known as the Great Company, they earned their iconic name from their distinctive white surcoats worn over their armor. Composed of battle-hardened veterans, the White Company attracted soldiers seeking fortune and adventure, including knights, archers, and men-at-arms. Sir John Hawkwood, an Englishman with a formidable military reputation, assumed command of the White Company in the late 14th century. A seasoned veteran of the Hundred Years’ War, Hawkwood brought invaluable experience, tactical genius, and a reputation for success to the helm of the company. Under his leadership, the White Company would become one of the most feared and sought-after mercenary bands of the era.

The White Company’s success can be attributed to their exceptional military prowess and tactical acumen. They were renowned for their disciplined formations, skilled use of longbowmen, and their ability to adapt to various combat situations. Whether in open-field battles or sieges, the White Company’s expertise allowed them to outmaneuver and overcome their adversaries. The White Company participated in numerous campaigns across Europe, leaving their mark on the battlefields of Italy, France, and beyond. They fought on behalf of various patrons, including city-states, duchies, and even the Papal States. Their services were highly sought after due to their reputation for success and their ability to turn the tide of battles.

The White Company’s influence extended beyond their military achievements. Sir John Hawkwood‘s leadership and military strategies set a standard for future mercenary bands. The company’s success demonstrated the effectiveness of a disciplined and professional fighting force, irrespective of national allegiances. The exploits of the White Company, particularly under Sir John Hawkwood, became legendary. Their reputation inspired admiration and awe, finding their way into the works of contemporary writers, chroniclers, and artists. The band’s iconic white surcoats and their indomitable spirit have been immortalized in literature, art, and historical accounts. The White Company’s story eventually came to an end with the changing dynamics of warfare and the waning demand for mercenary services. Hawkwood himself would go on to serve as a condottiero, leading armies in Italy before his death in 1394. The demise of the White Company marked a transition from the age of renowned mercenary bands to the rise of standing armies and professional military forces.

8.Mercenaries in the New World

Hernán Cortés embarked on one of the most audacious military campaigns in history—the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. To achieve this daunting task, Cortés assembled a force that combined Spanish soldiers with a core of seasoned conquistadors and mercenaries. Cortés realized the importance of employing mercenaries with specialized skills and combat experience to bolster his forces. Among his mercenaries were Tlaxcalan warriors, traditional enemies of the Aztecs, who allied themselves with the Spanish conquistadors. This alliance proved crucial in overcoming the numerical disadvantage and offering invaluable knowledge of the local terrain and customs. The mercenaries in Cortés’ army served as a critical bridge between the Spanish conquistadors and the indigenous allies. They brought their military expertise, adaptability, and knowledge of native warfare tactics to the campaign. The Tlaxcalan warriors, in particular, played a pivotal role in bridging the cultural divide and providing vital support to Cortés in his encounters with the Aztecs.

Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru is another remarkable chapter in the age of European exploration and colonization. Like Cortés, Pizarro relied on mercenaries to achieve his ambitious goals. Pizarro’s forces included a mix of Spanish conquistadors and mercenaries, drawn from various European backgrounds. Notably, Pizarro employed a significant number of professional soldiers known as “adventurers” or “hidalgos,” who sought wealth and glory in the New World. The mercenaries in Pizarro’s army contributed their military skills, discipline, and adaptability to the expedition. Their experience in European warfare, combined with the Spanish conquistadors’ tactics and advanced weaponry, gave Pizarro’s forces a significant advantage over the Inca armies.

The use of mercenaries by Cortés and Pizarro had profound consequences for the indigenous empires they encountered. The superior military technology, strategies, and firepower of the conquistadors and their mercenaries, combined with the internal divisions and vulnerabilities within the native societies, ultimately led to the downfall of the Aztec and Inca civilizations. Furthermore, the expeditions of Cortés and Pizarro marked a turning point in history, opening the door to extensive European colonization of the Americas. The vast wealth acquired by the conquistadors, facilitated by the support of mercenaries, fueled further exploration and conquests, shaping the subsequent history of the New World.

9.Mercenaries in Africa

Born in Ireland in 1919, Hoare initially pursued a career in finance. However, his thirst for adventure led him to enlist in the British Army during World War II. Hoare’s military experience and training would lay the groundwork for his future exploits as a mercenary. Hoare’s most infamous chapter unfolded during the Congo Crisis of the 1960s. Following the country’s independence from Belgium, political turmoil and unrest erupted. Hoare seized the opportunity and organized a band of mercenaries, known as “Hoare’s Commandos,” to assist the secessionist province of Katanga in its bid for independence.

Hoare’s Commandos fought in fierce battles against UN forces and Congolese nationalists, earning a reputation for their combat skills and discipline. Ultimately, the Katanga secession failed, and Hoare’s group disbanded. Undeterred, Hoare continued to be involved in various African conflicts, including the failed Seychelles coup attempt in 1981. Hoare’s activities as a mercenary were not without controversy. Critics accused him of opportunism, profiteering, and meddling in the affairs of sovereign nations. Human rights abuses and allegations of indiscriminate violence tarnished Hoare’s reputation, leading to both admiration and condemnation of his actions.

Mad Mike Hoare’s daring exploits captured the imagination of the public and the media. Books such as “Congo Mercenary” and the subsequent film adaptation, “The Wild Geese,” cemented his status as a legendary figure in the realm of mercenaries. The media’s portrayal of Hoare added to the mythos surrounding him, further fueling fascination with his life. Mad Mike Hoare’s legacy remains a subject of debate. Some view him as a charismatic and fearless adventurer who found himself at the center of turbulent events in Africa, while others condemn him as a symbol of mercenary intervention and the destabilization of African nations. The controversy surrounding Hoare’s actions serves as a reminder of the complexities surrounding the use of mercenaries in conflict zones.

The era of mercenaries in Africa, epitomized by figures like Mad Mike Hoare, has waned in recent years. International conventions, regional security initiatives, and shifting geopolitical dynamics have brought increased scrutiny and regulation to the activities of private military actors. Africa’s focus has shifted towards building robust national institutions, strengthening regional security frameworks, and promoting peaceful resolutions to conflicts.

American cult film WARRIORS based on 400 BC event called the Anabasis (The Persian Expedition)