The samurai warriors of feudal Japan are often romanticized and revered for their loyalty, honor, and unwavering commitment to their code of conduct, known as bushido. One aspect of samurai culture that has captured the imagination of many is the notion of ritual suicide, commonly known as seppuku or harakiri. However, it is essential to separate fact from fiction and dispel the myth surrounding samurai warrior suicide. Seppuku refers to a form of ritual suicide practiced by samurai as a means of restoring honor, avoiding capture, or accepting responsibility for grave offenses. The act involved disembowelment, typically performed with a short sword called a tanto, followed by a swift decapitation by a second individual, known as the kaishakunin. The practice was considered a method of maintaining personal integrity and upholding the strict moral code of bushido.
Contrary to popular belief, seppuku was not a widespread occurrence among samurai warriors. It was a highly regulated and controlled practice that occurred in specific circumstances and under certain conditions. Seppuku was typically reserved for cases of significant misconduct, disgrace, or political failure, and was not a common means of death for samurai. Seppuku was primarily associated with the samurai class, but it was not limited to them alone. Warriors from other classes, such as ronin (masterless samurai) or high-ranking officials, could also perform seppuku. It was considered an act of personal responsibility and honor, regardless of social standing.
Seppuku was not the only option available to samurai faced with disgrace or failure. In some cases, samurai could choose to commit suicide by other means or go into hiding, particularly during times of political turmoil. Surrender and accepting punishment or exile were also potential choices, depending on the circumstances. Contrary to romanticized depictions, the act of seppuku was not a painless or serene process. It involved intense physical pain and required immense mental fortitude to complete. The ritual was designed to be a grueling and agonizing ordeal, meant to test the samurai’s commitment to their ideals and demonstrate their resolve.
An excellent movie about an aging samurai who seeks revenge on the men who drove his son-in-law to suicide is Harakiri, by Masaki Kobayashi. It was released in 1963. Robert Ebert gave it a glowing review. If you want to read about harakiri in recent history, delve into the life of tortured writer Yukio Mishima. Mishima was a Japanese author, poet, playwright, actor, model, Shintoist, nationalist, and founder of the Tatenokai (楯の会, “Shield Society”), an unarmed civilian militia.
On 25 November 1970, Mishima and four members of the Tatenokai intended to inspire a coup d’état to restore the power of the emperor, but failed to do so. He read a speech from the balcony of the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. and then Mishima cried out “Long live the Emperor!” It is chronicled in many books about Mishima that you may find fascinating.
Mishima then committed seppuku, a form of ritual suicide by disembowelment associated with the samurai. Morita had been assigned to serve as Mishima’s second (kaishakunin), cutting off his head with a sword at the end of the ritual to spare him unnecessary pain. However, Morita proved unable to complete his task, and after three failed attempts to sever Mishima’s head, Koga had to step in and complete the task.[182][183][184]
According to the testimony of the surviving coup members, originally all four Tatenokai members had planned to commit seppuku along with Mishima. However Mishima attempted to dissuade them and three of the members acquiesced to his wishes. Only Morita persisted, saying, “I can’t let Mr. Mishima die alone.” But Mishima knew that Morita had a girlfriend and still hoped he might live. Just before his seppuku, Mishima tried one more time to dissuade him, saying “Morita, you must live, not die.”[185][186][m] Nevertheless, after Mishima’s seppuku, Morita knelt and stabbed himself in the abdomen and Koga acted as kaishakunin again.[187]
This coup attempt is called The Mishima Incident (三島事件, Mishima jiken) in Japan. The myth surrounding samurai warrior suicide has been perpetuated through various forms of media, including literature, films, and art, often distorting the historical reality. To truly appreciate the samurai’s commitment to honor and their adherence to bushido, it is essential to delve beyond the myths and explore the multifaceted aspects of their warrior culture. Understanding the historical context and the limited application of seppuku allows us to view the samurai in a more nuanced and accurate light, appreciating their complexity as human beings rather than mere symbols of tragedy and sacrifice. Below I listed films with seppuku in it. You can find the original source here.
Harakiri
September 15, 1962
Down-on-his-luck veteran Tsugumo Hanshirō enters the courtyard of the prosperous House of Iyi. Unemployed, and with no family, he hopes to find a place to commit seppuku—and a worthy second to deliver the coup de grâce in his suicide ritual. The senior counselor for the Iyi clan questions the ronin’s resolve and integrity, suspecting Hanshirō of seeking charity rather than an honorable end. What follows is a pair of interlocking stories which lay bare the difference between honor and respect, and promises to examine the legendary foundations of the Samurai code.
13 Assassins
September 9, 2010
A bravado period action film set at the end of Japan’s feudal era in which a group of unemployed samurai are enlisted to bring down a sadistic lord and prevent him from ascending to the throne and plunging the country into a war-torn future.
Ran
June 1, 1985
With Ran, legendary director Akira Kurosawa reimagines Shakespeare’s King Lear as a singular historical epic set in sixteenth-century Japan. Majestic in scope, the film is Kurosawa’s late-life masterpiece, a profound examination of the folly of war and the crumbling of one family under the weight of betrayal, greed, and the insatiable thirst for power.
Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai
October 15, 2011
A tale of revenge, honor and disgrace, centering on a poverty-stricken samurai who discovers the fate of his ronin son-in-law, setting in motion a tense showdown of vengeance against the house of a feudal lord.
Rising Sun
July 30, 1993
When a prostitute is found dead in a Los Angeles skyscraper occupied by a large Japanese corporation, detectives John Connor and Web Smith are called in to investigate. Although Connor has previous experience working in Japan, cultural differences make their progress difficult until a security disc showing the murder turns up. Close scrutiny proves the disc has been doctored, and the detectives realize they’re dealing with a cover-up as well.
The 47 Ronin
December 8, 1941
In 1701, Lord Takuminokami Asano has a feud with Lord Kira and he tries to kill Kira in the corridors of the Shogun’s palace. The Shogun sentences Lord Asano to commit suppuku and deprives the palace and lands from his clan, but does not punish Lord Kira. Lord Asano’s vassals leave the land and his samurais become ronin and want to seek revenge against the dishonor of their Lord. But their leader Kuranosuke Oishi asks the Shogun to restore the Asano clan with his brother Daigaku Asano. One year later, the Shogun refuses his request and Oishi and forty-six ronin revenge their Lord.
47 Ronin
November 3, 1962
The story tells of a group of samurai who were left leaderless (becoming ronin) after their daimyo (feudal lord) was forced to commit seppuku (ritual suicide) for assaulting a court official named Kira Yoshinaka, whose title was Kōzuke no suke. The ronin avenged their master’s honor after patiently waiting and planning for over a year to kill Kira. In turn, the ronin were themselves forced to commit seppuku for committing the crime of murder.
Scabbard Samurai
June 11, 2011
Kanjuro Nomi is an aging samurai who only has a scabbard. Deserting his lord to wander the land with his daughter Tae, Kanjuro is captured and sentenced to an unusual punishment: he has 30 days to bring a smile to the sad prince who has lost his mother — or else he must die.
Hiroshima
August 5, 2005
The documentary recounts the world’s first nuclear attack and examines the alarming repercussions. Covering a three-week period from the Trinity test to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the program chronicles America’s political gamble and the planning for the momentous event. Archival film, dramatizations, and special effects feature what occurred aboard the Enola Gay (the aircraft that dropped the bomb) and inside the exploding bomb.
Ask This of Rikyu
September 1, 2013
Sen no Rikyu (Ebizo Ichikawa) is the son of a fish shop owner. Sen no Rikyu then studies tea and eventually becomes one of the primary influences upon the Japanese tea ceremony. With his elegant esthetics, Sen no Rikyu is favored by the most powerful man in Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Nao Omori) and becomes one of his closest advisors. Due to conflicts, Toyotomi Hideyoshi then orders Sen no Rikyu to commit seppuku (suicide). Director Mitsutoshi Tanaka’s adaptation of Kenichi Yamamoto’s award-winning novel of the same name received the Best Artistic Contribution Award at the 37th Montréal World Film Festival, the Best Director Award at the 2014 Osaka Cinema Festival, the 30th Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Award and the 37th Japan Academy Film Prize in nine categories, including Best Art Direction, Excellent Film and Excellent Actor.
Chushingura
March 31, 1938
The vassals of the Asano clan, who surrendered the castle & became wanderers, deceive the enemy and the public, wait for an opportunity to avenge their master and his family.
The 47 Rōnin in Debt
November 22, 2019
Feudal lord Takuminokami Asano has been led to kill himself due to a scheme by Kozukenosuke Kira. Having no time to mourn his death, samurai Kuranosuke Oishi decides to take revenge on Kira, planning an attack with the help of accountant Chosuke Yato… but they don’t have enough in their budget.
Miss Mishima
September 15, 2011
Explores the ambiguity of sensations, the boundaries between pleasure and pain, a filmmaker’s piece about death as the final fetish and the ritual suicide Seppuku.
Female Harakiri: Glorious Death
January 1, 1989
Part of the Zankoku-bi: Onna harakiri 01 series.
The Abe Clan
November 24, 1995
A Choice between Loyalty or Duty of the Samurai! Can the heartlessness of society crush the honor of an individual? In the spring of the 18th year of Kanei, Hosokawa Tadatoshi, feudal lord of the Higo area, died. Although Tadatoshi forbade his vassals to follow him in death before he died, they still committed seppuku one after the other. The new feudal lord, Mitsunao, Tadatoshi’s son, also gave the order forbidding seppuku. Abe Yaichiemon obeyed his former lord’s last wish but is now being called a coward by his comrades and finally decided to follow Tadatoshi in death in order to save his family’s honor. Mitsunao, upset by Yaichiemon actions, punished the Abe family unfairly. Objected to this, the Abe family shut themselves up in their manor as the lords troops moved in. This is the true story of what happened within the Hosokawa clan in early Edo era.
School Girl: Harakiri
January 1, 1990
A school girl kneels on her mat looking over an old photo album containing pictures of people committing seppuku. Becoming aroused by what she sees, she touches herself and licks her fingertips. She pulls out a knife of her own, takes off her uniform, and in a very fetishistic manner proceeds to slit open her stomach and then pull out her guts.
White Clothing: Harakiri
January 1, 1990
A black and white preface shows a woman in a traditional kimono climbing the stairs as WWII era Mitsubishi Zeros fly through the sky and footage of the Japanese military of the era is superimposed over the footage. She stops at the top of the stairs to say her prayers, rings a bell, and heads inside where the footage is shot in color. She unravels her kimono and rubs her face with the cloth before wrapping her blade and lovingly touching it. She pulls it across her stomach and slits herself open, falling to the mat. She crawls across the mat, dying, slipping in her own slick blood until she can’t move anymore.
Female Harakiri: Celebration
January 1, 1990
A woman in a nurse’s outfit sits in a dark room. She kneels on a mat and looks over a knife, touching it with her fingers and examining it. She runs the knife over her stocking clad legs and contemplates suicide. She plunges the blade into her abdominal region and pulls it across.
Beautiful Swordswomen: Double Seppuku
January 1, 1990
The only difference with this one as opposed to the other “entries” – is this one has 2 girls committing suicide, and they are outdoors and wearing samurai style outfits as opposed to Japanese robes or some other “costume”. Also, they stab themselves with samurai swords instead of the typical shorter ritual knives…
Lost Paradise: Riding Habit Harakiri
January 1, 1990
Directed by Masami Akita,who is also one of Japan’s leading noise musicians under the name Merzbow. With a soundtrack by the director himself, this intense and ultra-gory seppuku film shows a young woman taking her own life by an act of ritual harakiri.